1. 1. 1. Project Objectives

      The questions which were researched, and form the foundation of the full report are:

      1. What constitutes a “need”

      2. What is fair and inclusive

      3. What is a “Human Right”

      4. What is “Sustainable”

      5. How to form sustainable community living projects, which meet the need, offer affordable housing, and help to restore ecological balance, inclusively

      6. How to create an ethical and environmental business to float all the Ark fleet needed for an inclusive, global solution

      There is no end to the complexity of climate change and the need for sustainability, providing a valid, ethical solution needed to be holistic.

      Subject areas of study include:

      • Budget – the global economy,

      • Climate change – the known predictions, ecology, land-mass, population, demand, environmental research

      • Communications – technology, the difficulties for excluded groups to be “heard”

      • Deprivation – poverty, housing, disability, food, water, shelter, human rights

      • Education – the right to education for all, schools, colleges and universities

      • Exclusion – rough sleepers, travellers, learning difficulties, lone parents, migrants, land enclosures act

      • Flooding – risk areas, and drought areas

      • Innovation – sustainable and renewable market sectors

      • Legislation – the Government’s guidelines for sustainability, United Nations and USA policy

      • Nature – natural resources, biodiversity, extinction, waste

      • Need – charities, non-profit distributors, third-sector, social enterprise

      • Planning – guidelines for sustainable community living projects, eco-build, the built environment

      • Pollution – waste, emissions,

      • Prejudice – prejudgment, working classes, indigenous peoples, fairness

      • Sustainability – what is ultimately “sustainable”, what are the problems, why are so few people living sustainably

      The initial objective of this report was to prove the validity and feasibility of a sustainable community living project.

      
      

      Climate Change (Objective 2.1.1)

The climate is changing. The evidence is indisputable.

The levels of Carbon-Dioxide emitted are exasperating the environmental damage, as the high levels of CO2 emissions are accelerating the changes.

These accelerants are fuelled also by ozone-depleting substances (ODS), according to the Environmental Investigations Agency www.eia-international.com - whose undercover investigations have proven an illegal trade in chlorofluorocarbons, CFC’s. (In contravention to the 1987 Montreal Protocol treaty.)

As well as their award-winning investigations into the illegal trading of CFC’s, the EIA has proven that the replacements to CFC’s, being HCFC’s and HFC’s (hydroflourocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons), cause as much devastation to the ozone layer as the original CFC’s.

Although the emissions of all ODS are now covered through the Montreal Protocol treaty, September 2007, the introduced reductions still allow for a growth in emissions from 0.4 billion tonnes in 2002 to 1.2 billion tonnes in 2015.

The accumulative total emissions of all ODS, is guaranteeing the following effects of climate change.

The scientists’ climatic and environmental research proves the following:

• Right now, as a species, the human race is consuming a minimum 1.2 worlds of resources, Reap Report, SEI.

• Right now, 17,000 species are at the point of extinction – IUCN Red List

• By 2050 sea levels could rise over 20’ – Ocean Conservatory, www.oceanconservatory.org

• 20% of mammals, 70% of all plants, in danger – IUCN

• By 2100 global temperatures will be higher than they have for the past 2 million years www.priweb.org/globalchange/climatechange

• Arctic ice sheets are reducing at a rate far faster than previously predicted –BBC News 24

• Sea levels are rising as a result of the melt of arctic ice - IPCC Third Assessment Report

• Ocean temperatures are rising, and entire coral reefs incapable of adapting to over a 2 degree rise in temperature, will be gone, resulting in the loss of natural sea defences – www.globalcoral.org

• The Gulf Stream will cease to flow across the Atlantic ocean towards Iceland – Al Gore, “An inconvenient Truth”

• The weight re-distribution of arctic ice melt across the tectonic plates will result in increased levels of seismic activity – resulting in volcanic flume blanketing Earth from the sun, creating a solar winter which will last at least ten years, combined with the loss of the warm current, resulting in a new ice age – Al Gore, “An inconvenient Truth”

• Increased seismic activity, combined with the rise in sea levels, will result in extensive flooding, tsunamis and tidal surges will also become prevalent - Al Gore, “An inconvenient Truth”

• Air pressures will change as a result of the proportional changes to land and sea mass – monsoons, typhoons, tornadoes and hurricanes will all increase in activity, number and strength of velocity. We need to adapt – Professor Michael Kelly, Cambridge University, “Can We Adapt The Built Environment In Time”.

There is no report detailing the total amount of land mass which will be lost to the sea as levels continue to rise. According to “The Earth Observatory”, 23^rd January 2009, in their article ‘More Accurate FEMA Flood Maps Could Help Avoid Significant Damages and Losses’, the lack of maps detailing to high-accuracy and high-resolution the land surface data, negates the ability to comprehensively detail the flood risks.

Although it is possible to determine the 20’ increase in sea levels, it is not yet possible to determine the damage storm surges will create. To the date of the publication of this Earth Observatory report, there was only 21% map coverage to meet the quality standards needed as data by FEMA, this after a US$1 billion investment.

The US faces a loss of capital value of $17 billion through annual flooding, with a 30 year capital loss of US$270 billion as detailed by Ryszard B Zeidler, ‘Continental Shorelines: Climate Change & Integrated Coastal Management’, 23^rd June 1998 via www.sciencedirect.com

In the UK, the Environment Agency predicts flood risks to 2.3 million homes and 185,000 businesses in England and Wales, representing land and asset loss in excess of £200 billion.

1. 2. The Built Environment – circa 20^th Century

The industrial revolution provided the bulk of the construction industry with the materials to construct buildings in a standardised format, invariably, from the 1950’s onwards, this included concrete footings and block-work, with an outer brickwork skin.

In the 1970’s, the honest and apparent use of concrete was re-enforced to provide an economical material for high-rise flats, and it was often used in formwork to provide curved and interesting structure.

Originating from Roman influence, the cement used in construction processes has traditionally provided a solid and reliable glue for almost all buildings, although in rural areas, many local people continued to use more ecologically robust materials, including cob in the UK, especially Norfolk and Suffolk where lime facing work was decorated with pargeting.

Manufactured cement emits 1 ton of CO2 output for every 1 ton of cement produced. Half of this CO2 emission comes from the energy used to calcine limestone, the other half is from the chemical reaction of the limestone. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2009, Resource Conservation Challenge Workshop Washington DC, March 25^th, 2009)

The CO2 emissions associated with clay brick manufacture equate to 0.000225 tonnes of CO2 per square metre of brickwork, 2007 data. (Sustainable Strategy for the Brick Industry.)

In 2007, according to National Statistics, the recorded figure of £490,769,000 was attributed to brick sales in the UK.

At an average purchase price equating to £200 per 1000 bricks, and £16.70 per sq metre, this equates to a nominal 6,612 tonnes of CO2 emitted through brick manufacture in the UK in 2007

A stark contrast to the amount of CO2 produced through cement manufacture globally for the same year, 2690 million tonnes – www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/651928/the_cement_industry_in_europe_and_the_middle.htm

The manufacture of concrete includes cement, sand and gravel. Obviously for every ton of concrete, apart from the CO2 emissions involved in the manufacture of cementacious primer, sand and gravel will have been quarried, adding to the over-demand of this planet’s resources, and with excavation machinery and transportation of the conglomerates, this considerably adds to global strain.

While concrete remains the second most used material globally, there will remain abundant CO2 emissions through the manufacture of cement, continuing the speed of climate change.

According to Jeremy Faludi, 18^th November 2004 “Concrete a ‘Burning’ Issue – http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/001610.html - concrete creates 7-10% of CO2 emissions worldwide.

Housing Stock (UK) 4.3.1:

According to the Poverty Site, 25% of all the homes in England alone were classified as “non-decent”, and the number of new 'social housing' dwellings has fallen well beneath the demographic requirement.

In order to satisfy the growing population in the UK, demand for new housing requires 5 million new homes to be built between 2005 and 2025, - Angela Balakrishnan, The Guardian, published 16th March 2007, the article also stating government data showing that new house building in 2006 only rose 0.5%. Shelter quoted this figure will create a shortfall of 1 million homes by 2026.

Graeme Brown, director of communications at Shelter was quoted as stating that 1 in 7 children in the UK are growing up homeless or badly housed. 90,000 people are housed in 'temporary accommodation'.

Lorna Blackwood of the Times Online, 19/10/07, wrote “Empty Homes: the mystery of the UK's million vacant homes”, in which she presented figures showing that 1,260,000 houses are empty.

Housing Statistics 2008, quoted on the Communities and Local Government website, states that in England in 2007, there was 22.2 million dwellings, of which 70% are owner-occupied. The lower quartile house prices were 7.3 times lower the quartile earnings.

The same report went on to quote that there were approximately 44,000 affordable housing units provided in England in 2006-07, of which 30% were in London.

A 'Crisis' Media centre press release, 14^th August 2009, states that the social impact of the recession is yet to be felt. During the second quarter of 2009, more than 11,000 households were repossessed.

A report by Crisis on 7^th August 2009 had already identified that Council's were failing single homeless people, this was researched by an undercover operation, proving that the advice levels were so poor, that at 45 visits to Councils had the enquirer been genuine, would have resulted in them living on the streets. Most investigators were treated like “second class” citizens, asked to explain their stories repeatedly, in public settings with ‘little empathy’.

Shelter also published an article 20/08/09 'House building in severe decline in the East of England' – according to Government 2^nd quartile figures for 2009, the construction of new homes has fallen by 10% from 4,400 to just 3,990 – although there are an estimated 147,850 households on the waiting lists for East of England council housing!

1. 3. Over Demand (Objective 2.1.4):

Consumer Demand Exceeds 1.2 Worlds Resources;

(A REAP Project: Stockholm Environment Institute, Rachel Birch, Tommy Wiedmann and John Barrett, January 2006), detailed on Breckland Council Development Control Department.

According to this SEI report, humanity’s ecological footprint exceeds Earth’s biological capacity by a factor of at least 20% above Earth’s natural resource levels.

This report is based on demand levels from 1961, when demand stood at only 50% global capacity, rising consistently to the 1.2 world level in 2001.

Some people estimate that the level as it stands in 2009 actually exceeds 1.6 world’s resources, according to one report, although it has not been possible to substantiate this level at the time of preparation of this report.

Based upon SEI research, the UK demand is 65% higher than the global ecological budget. The USA demand exceeds UK levels.

There is a direct correlation between a countries wealth and the over-demand of our planet’s resources. The UK’s Ecological Footprint at the time of this report, stood at 5.4 global hectares per person, whereas Indian and Ethiopian demand levels stood at under 1 global hectare per person.

The SEI study shows demand levels as:

• Food 20%
• Household Energy 16%
• Manufactured Consumables 12%
• Transport 15%

There is no detail for the construction sector, but as detailed previously, cement alone accounts for an equal tonnage in CO2 emissions for every ton manufactured.

Considering these levels of over demand on global resources is crucial when forming sustainable community living projects.

A global ecological overshoot exceeding the Earth’s bio-capacity by 20% in 2001, results in the harvesting of trees and fish, before they have the opportunity of replenishing. This ecological overshoot is also reflected in the levels of CO2 being emitted faster than it can be absorbed by eco-systems.

It is obvious that reducing CO2 emissions alone, will not redress the current imbalance in over-demand, nor help to balance the status quo.

1. 4. Land, Agriculture & Biodiversity

Biodiversity is impacted from many contributing factors, not least by the clearance of woodland and shrub to allow maximised agricultural output.

According to Dr. Ben Darvill, Bumblebee Conservation Trust Director and Research Ecologist, the decline in numbers of bumble bees, is very clearly entirely due to the loss of their natural habitat.

Chemicals sprayed on fields filter through the substrate and leach into inland waterways, eventually flowing out to sea.

NASA data captured photographs showing vast swathes of “dead zones”, now known to cover a total oceanic area of 95,000 square miles. This presented in a study by the Earth Observatory, in a report dated August 14, 2008, study led by Professor Robert Diaz of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, with collaborator, Rutger Rosenberg of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.

The report “ shows that the number of "dead zones" – areas of seafloor with too little oxygen for most marine life – has increased by a third between 1995 and 2007.

The dead zone areas are seen to be increasing in size and number, and are known to have been created through run-off of excess fertiliser nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus enter the coastal waters and create an imbalance through the dissolved oxygen, occurring through the decomposition of the increased levels of fertilised blooms of algae.

The areas of “dead zones” has doubled each decade since the 1960's and are now considered to be "the key stressor on marine ecosystems".

All this, when half the food produced worldwide is wasted, according to findings in a brief authored by the Stockholm International Water Institute, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Dr. Charlotte de Fraiture, a researcher at IWMI. Goes on to say that as much as half the water used in the food production is also wasted.

Robert Stewart, Environmental Geoscience, “Environmental Science in the 21^st Century – An Online Textbook”, quotes under ‘Land Degradation in Arid Regions’ that drylands cover 41% of the Earth’s Land surface area, home to some 2.47 billion people. Severe land degradation presently affects between 10 – 20% of the dryland, affecting those dependant upon it. Climate change will affect even greater landmass areas, and it is estimated that this will directly affect at least 250 million people in the developing world.

The report includes the Food and Agricultural Organisation definition of ‘desertification’ as a loss of the biological or economic productivity of an area of arid, dry or sub-humid land, caused by a combination of factors, including processes arising from human activities and habitation patterns.

Robert Stewart also includes a quote from the US Department of Agriculture web page;

Plato: “Attica (Athens) was no longer cultivated by true herdsmen, who made husbandry their business, and were lovers of honour, and of a noble nature. As a result Attica had become deforested, the soils depleted, and there are remaining only the bones of the wasted body – all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away.”

Across the world, the last five centuries has seen indigenous people move/d away from their native homelands. Many with traditional knowledge of local biodiversity, planting and ecological balance, have been moved away from land which was deemed “best” for food production and/or mineral resources

In the UK, the 16^th century bought a time when the value of sheep’s wool far exceeded the price of grain. It became a commercial advantage to turn agricultural land into pasture for sheep. The hard-working peasants were evicted from their land, with compulsory purchase orders for minimal land values. Where there was once a thriving rural industry, nothing was left but waste and ruined cottages, and flocks of sheep extending to 24,000 in number, sheparded with minimal manpower.

Dispossessed peasants were subjected to vagrancy laws initiated by the Government of the day, and many were subjected to horrible levels of cruelty according to Dr Gilbert Slater, “The Land: The Report of the Land Enquiry Committee”, published by Hodder & Stoughton, 1913. According to an article published on www.homepage.ntlworld.com/janusg/landls.htm which goes on to state that; “this was the Enlosure movement of the 16^th century, where enclosure did not mean turning waste lands into cultivated fields, but the conversion of what Langland described as ‘fair fields full of folk’, to desolate sheep walks.”

1. 5. Deprivation, Poverty and Exclusion in the UK (Objective 2.1.2):

Across the world, the public is being asked to live in a more sustainable manner, the problem which many people face is that they are having problem enough just trying to afford to live.

The cost of sustainable, environmental, ecological, organic and fair-trade, are out of the reach of the pockets of millions of people – no matter what their conscience or faith, or whether they are already awakened to the problems of climate change.

1. 1. 1. Poverty

According to a report published by the Joseph Rountree Foundation, “Poverty & Social Exclusion in Britain”, 11^th September 2000, “Roughly 9.5 million people in Britain cannot afford adequate housing.” 4 million are not fed properly, and over 10.5 million suffer from financial insecurity.

The Joseph Rountree Foundation also quotes that the poverty survey of 2000, found 2 million children in Britain without the “necessities of life”.

Obviously, since 2000, there has been a further economic recession, and these figures along with the total population have increased since this report was first published.

The Poverty Site, www.poverty.org.uk quotes 2007, low-income by gender figures indicate that the two groups most vulnerable to gender linked low-income are single female pensioners, and female lone parents. Men between the age of 60 and 64 are also more likely to be on low incomes than men in any other age groups.

The records of the Poverty Site show that the official unemployment records are substantially outnumbered by those who want to work, but fall into the category of “economically inactive”, a group predominated by women of all ages, and older men.

The Poverty site also quotes the total figures for UK households in poverty 2007/08 as 13.5 million people living beneath the recognised median British household income.

1. 1. 2. Tax Credits:

People in the UK whose income falls beneath the accepted cost of living, are entitled to Tax Credits. The total number of recipients claiming Tax Credits in April 2009 was 6,131,100. (KAI Analysis, HMRC)

5.6.3 Unemployment:

The Office for National Statistics, 26^th August, 2009 states that there are 4.8 million people in work-less households.

5.6.4. Incapacity Benefit:

According to the KAI Analysis, between June 2008 and May 2009, 456,153 people were required to attend a Personal Capability Assessment for Incapacity Benefit.

5.6.5. Housing Benefit:

According to figures presented on ‘House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 21 July 2009, review completed by Helen Goodman’ – the latest figures shown are for March 2008, when: 173,000 people claimed Housing Benefit while living in Local Authority Housing, 224,000 people made this claim for their Private Rental houses, and 834,000 for Housing Association Tenures. The total numbers shown being 1,131,000 benefit claimants.

5.6.6. Homelessness/Rough Sleepers:

According to figures provided by the , Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Housing Executive, the total number of rough sleepers is:

Scotland(111)

Northern Ireland(88)

Wales(128)

England(165)

Total = 492 UK

These figures appear to exclude a large number of people, Garry Lemon, Senior Press Manager of Crisis Organisation said that the chain figures of the access services serving London alone, Salvation Army and other voluntary and charity sectors, provide help to 3000 people on a regular basis.

Crisis also agreed that it was difficult to quantify the total numbers when so many are those who do not have “statutory boxes” to tick.

5.6.7. Single Parents:

The Independent’s Political Correspondent, Ben Russell stated on 31^st January 2007, that out of the 7.3 million families with parents of working age in Britain, nearly 25%, 1.9 million, are lone parents, 56.5% of this number were in work at the time of The Independent’s report.

Gingerbread, the association for one parent families, has records of a known 3.1 million children cared for by the 1.9 million lone parents.

In a study by Cardiff University in April 2004, published by One Parent Families, and funded by the Nuffield Foundation, “Single parents slip through the advice net”:

Findings show that the advice provision is “fragmented, under funded and patchy”.

Researching 12 types of legal and social welfare problems, including debt, contact, benefits and child maintenance, approximately a third of the lone parents surveyed found it 'either difficult or impossible to get the necessary help'. Often, to many, the listed problems lasted for over a year.

5.6.8. Pensioners:

In 2007, the number of people of state pensionable age in the UK reached 11.58 million, as recorded by the Office for National Statistics, in an article written by Alan Travis, home affairs editor of the Guardian, published 22^nd August, 2008 “Ageing Britain: Pensioners outnumber under-16's for first time”.

The number of bankrupt pensioners in the UK has soared by 160%! - as detailed 6^th July 2009 on www.pensions.co.uk

5.6.9. Children Beneath Employment Age:

There were 11.5 million children under 16 years of age in the UK in 2007, as detailed by the Office for National Statistics.

According to BBC News 2009/09/10, Pupils suffer 'shocking poverty', in an article likening today's deprivation levels as “Dickensian”, and quoting the number of children in the UK living in poverty to be 2.9 million.

6,000 children each year leave the care system, out of this number, 4,500 have no qualifications. One fifth of this number of children - 1,200 will become homeless each year. In 2005, the total number of children in care was 60,900 – BBC News, published 2006/09/21 – reflecting on a study by the Centre for Policy Studies.

The Telegraph published an article by Jon Swaine, 20^th April 2009, “Care system must be 'radically overhauled', MP's say”. In 2007, only 13% of children in care achieved 5 good grades in the GCSE's they sat, compared to 62% national average.

5.6.10. Self-Employed

According to UK Government statistics, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/labour_market_trends/Growth_article.pdf the number of people who were self-employed in 2004, was over 3.5 million. In 2007, according to Eurofound, in a report written by Helen Newell of University of Warwick, the total number had increased to over 3.7 million, of which number almost one third were female.

Of course not all those working on a self-employed basis will fall into the category of deprivation, but anyone who earns an irregular wage, has dependants, and has to cover the regular outgoings of a rent or mortgage, has no backing support or benefit able to cope with the irregularity of their income.

This is further exasperated by a system which does not take into account the cost of their business expenses when working out a “buffer”, and many children and families are suffering as a direct result of this omission.

5.6.11. Learning Difficulties

Approximately 985,000 people in England have a learning disability (about 2% of the population). 796,000 of which are aged 20 or over - Estimating Future Need/Demand for Supports for Adults with Learning Disabilities in England. - Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University (2004), who also predict that the number of adults with learning difficulties is likely to increase by 11% between 2001 and 2021, taking the number to over 1 million.

Out of this number, according to the National Statistics & NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre (2004), only 20% of adults with learning disabilities are known to learning disability services

5.6.12. Disability

The Employers' forum on disability, “Disability in the UK, 2009 states that there are approximately 10 million disabled people in the UK.

The Poverty Site states that approximately 33% of all disabled adults between the ages of 25 to retirement age, are living in low-income households, and quotes an increasing gap in this number over the last decade, twice the rate of non-disabled people.

5.6.13. Ethnic Minorities

2 out of 5 people from ethnic minorities live in low-income households according to the Poverty Site. Which Franchise quotes the total number as expected to be more than 5 million people in 2009, equating to some 2 million people from ethnic minorities in low-income households UK.

5.6.14. Travelling Community

The number of people without permanent residence in the UK is difficult to quantify. There are at least 10,000 families forming the Gypsy Council, and a caravan count in January 2009 detailed on the Communities & Local Government Progress Report on Gypsy & Traveller Policy, recorded 17,865 caravans.

5.6.15. Migrant People

Home Office figures show that on 29th March 2008, 2,305 people were detained under UK Immigration Powers in IRCs. This is not an inclusive figure as it fails to show those detained in provisions under 'sole' immigration powers.

Although according to The New Statesman 2008, the figure for immigrant children alone is actually in excess of 2000, seen as passing through UK's immigration detention centres.

5.6.16. Prisoners

The figure for the total number of prisoners in England and Wales, was 82,319 – an increase of 140 more than the previous record set in February 2008 - 25^th April 2008, in a report written by David Barrett, PA, The independent, stating that “Number of prisoners hit new peak”.

Total UK Population: 61,000,000 – BBC News, 27/08/09.

Pie chart of proportional UK breakdown to be posted online later.

N.B. There is known overlap of the numbers of people in more than one of these categories.

Planning Requirements (Objective 2.1.5):

Initial research of the Planning Guidelines at the Local Authority (Breckland Council) website, confirmed that in order for any planning application to be considered for new build in the countryside, it must conform to Planning Policies as detailed in appendix 1a.

In addition to the guidelines listed below, and details shown in appendix 1a, any sustainable community living project would also need to be “replicable”, “an exemplar of sustainable design”, “inclusive”, and be deemed “fair and democratic”.

In summary, in order to form a sustainable community living project, according to the Local Authority guidelines alone, it would need to comply to:

• SO8 To protect and enhance the quality and distinctiveness of the biodiversity, geology and landscape of Breckland

• SO10 To require high quality design that meets high environmental standards

• SO11 To enhance open space provision throughout the District

• SO12 To promote renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions

• SO13 To minimise the risk of flooding to existing and new developments

• SO14 To maximise the opportunity to redevelop sustainable previously developed land

• SO15 To prevent groundwater contamination & deterioration in air, water & soil quality

• SO16 To require the efficient use of water resources

• SO17 To minimise the amount of waste produced and promote sustainable waste management

• SO18 To provide for a significant modal shift from a reliance on the private car, in particular single person car use, to sustainable forms of transport

Further planning requirements as detailed in Table 1a.

Table 1A

1. 6. Inclusive Human Rights to Life (Objective 2.1.3):

An article written by Amup Shah, Global Issues Organisation, last updated 22^nd March 2009 details the following global figures:

Table 4.7.1.

To provide access to basic social services in developing countries, it would cost an additional:

Table 4.7.2.

The figures showing the spending of the developed world in 1998:

Table 4.7.3.

According to World Bank Development Indicators 2008, the share of world's private consumption in 2005, equated to the following;

The world's richest 20% consume 76.6% resources

The world's middle 60% consume 21.9% resources

The world's poorest 20% consume 1.5% resources

Amup Shah goes on to highlight the distance between the world’s poorest countries to the world’s richest countries over the time period 1820 to 1992, as shown in table 4.7.4 below:

Table 4.7.4

Suzanne Goldenberg, US environment correspondent for the Guardian, published an article 30^th September 2009, stating ‘By 2050, 25 million more children will go’. Highlighting a report by the International Food Policy Research Institute for the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, climate change will lead to food shortages and soaring prices for basic diet staples including wheat, maize and Soya beans.

Failing crops and yields will create famine, and the reduced levels of such staple dietary commodities will push the price out reach for millions of vulnerable people in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. This also has the potential to affect many more millions - billions of people globally.

The Earth Observatory published an article 13^th June 2004 “Two Billion Vulnerable to Floods by 2050; Number Expected to Double or More in Two Generations”, due to climate change, deforestation, rising sea levels and population growth in areas prone to flooding.

The report based upon data from United Nations University quotes Dr Bogardi as concluding; “Instead of starting with the focus on natural hazards and their quantification, the assessment and ranking of the vulnerability of affected groups should serve as the starting point in defining priorities and remedial interventions.”

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocol No.11, Rome, 4.XI.1950 – Article 2 – Right to life, quotes in Section1, ‘Rights and Freedoms’; ‘1. Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.

The United Nations General Assembly, Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 13-14 June 1992, Annex 1, Principle 1 states that:

Human beings are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

The full United Nations; Agenda 21, 1992. is a vast, phenomenally comprehensive and inclusive series of proposals forming one detailed account of the inclusive polices needed for total inclusion which would eradicate world poverty, provide water and education for all, and outlines the need for a holistic, cooperative and interlinked solution to the effects of climate change. Promoting sustainability and the reduction of impact and demand, this document offers the way to implement the changes needed.

Following on from Agenda 21, The Earth Charter was formed, and has been endorsed by ‘thousands of organisations, including UNESCO and the World Conservation Union’. www.EarthCharter.org

The Earth Charter recognises the critical moment we now face in Earth’s history, and considers this to be a time when humanity must choose its own future.

Recognising the fragility of this world now, the charter urges people to join together, as one global community, with a common destiny. It promotes the need for a shared vision, for a common standard of conduct under which ‘all individuals, organisations, businesses, governments, and transnational institutions’ should be guided and assessed.

Principals of The Earth Charter are as set out below:

I. Respect and Care for The Community of Life:

• 1. Respect Earth and life in all its diversity

  2. Care for the community of life with understanding, compassion, and love

  3. Build democratic societies that are just, participatory, sustainable and peaceful

  4. Secure Earth’s bounty and beauty for present and future generations

II. Ecological Integrity:

• 5. Protect and restore the integrity of Earth’s ecological systems, with special concern for biological diversity and the natural processes that sustain life

  6. Prevent harm as the best method of environmental protection and, when knowledge is limited, supply a precautionary approach

  7. Adopt patterns of production, consumption, and reproduction that safeguard Earth’s regenerative capacities, human rights, and community well-being

  8. Advance the study of ecological sustainability and promote the open exchange and wide application of the knowledge acquired

III. Social and Economic Justice

• 9. Eradicate poverty as an ethical, social, and environmental imperative

  10. Ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels promote human development in an equitable and sustainable manner

  11. Affirm gender, equality and equity as prerequisites to sustainable development and ensure universal access to education, health care, and economic opportunity

  12. Uphold the right of all, without discrimination, to a natural and social environment supportive of human dignity, bodily health, and spiritual well-being, with special attention to the rights of indigenous peoples and minorities

IV. Democracy, Non-violence and Peace

• 13. Strengthen democratic institutions at all levels, and provide transparency and accountability in governance, inclusive participation in decision making, and access to justice

  14. Integrate into formal education and life-long learning the knowledge, values, and skills needed for a sustainable way of life

  15. Treat all living beings with respect and consideration

  16. Promote a culture of tolerance, non-violence and peace

The Earth Charter calls upon everyone to consider a new beginning, follow and adopt the basic principles, and promote the values and objectives of the Charter.

In conclusion, the Charter states “Let ours be a time remembered for the awakening of a new reverence for life, the firm resolve to achieve sustainability, the quickening of the struggle for justice and peace, and the joyful celebration of life.

Listing those Environmental Organisations & Research/Advisors Published Papers researched for the formation of the working strategy and the “Letter of Logic” of Global Ark Projects – detailed list not inclusive – data also accumulated from any number of total sources for the purpose of clarifying the overall climate predictions and requirement for sustainability in all aspects of our proposals.

Avaaz.org
Climate Wake Up Call.

Committee on Climate Change (CCC; independent advisors to UK Government)
Technical Appendix social research background 6&7 final version
Building a Low-Carbon Economy December 2008

CNN NEWS:
Dawa Steven Sherpa, leader of Eco Everest Expeditions, aiming to educate climbers about their impact on the Himalayas and highlight the affects of climate change on the region.
(CNN) -- The indigenous people of Alaska have stood firm against some of the most extreme weather conditions on Earth for thousands of years. But now, flooding blamed on climate change is forcing at least one Eskimo village to move to safer ground. - (continuing)... Newtok is just one example of what the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns is part of a growing climate change crisis that will displace 150 million people by 2050.

Environmental Investigations Agency:
Environmental Crime – A Threat to Our Future
Facing the F-Gas Challenge
Fighting Environment Criminals: A Race Against Crime – Winter 2008

Friends of the Earth – FoE Publications:
Who benefits from gm crops? 2008

Greenpeace:
Climate Change –     “The problems” & “The Solutions”

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
IUCN Red list of endangered species
IUCN & Climate Change, Brief April 2009

Tyndall Centre – Working Papers
Via - UEA

United Nations – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report – Included in 1.3 “... Of the more than 29,000 observational data series, from 75 studies, that show significant change in many physical and biological systems, more than 89% are consistent with the direction of change expected as a response to warming ...”
Working Group 1 Report “The Physical Science Basis”
Working Group 3 –“ Mitigation of Climate Change”
Working Group 2 Report - “Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability”
Climate Change & Water

WWF Reports:
Living Planet Report 2008
Sustainable development opinion: curbing UK impacts on global biodiversity: an agenda for action – August 2008 WWF-UK
Marine Update 61 Assessing the impacts of climate change in the Arctic – June 2007 WWF-UK
Fishing, climate change and North East Atlantic cod stocks – May 2007 WWF-UK
Carbon Choices – May 2009 WWF-UK
A Closing window of opportunity – Global Greenhouse Reality 2008 – by Dr. Martin Sommerkorn, WWF International Arctic Programme
Climate change: Faster, sooner, stronger – October 2008 WWF-UK
A joint WWF-FoE response (to Government draft “Options Paper” regarding EU 2020 20% renewable energy targets – October 2007 WWF-UK
Debt and Climate Change – January 2007
Other Research forming the basis of Global Ark Projects' & the Tree Ark Project (sustainable community living project) gained in part from the following resources, web-sites and organisations:

The New York Times – Energy & Environment:  Europe readies for effects of climate change – 
JEAN-MARIE MACABREY, ClimateWire   2nd April 2009

Sustainable Energy – Without the hot air     - by David JC MacKay    - UIT, Cambridge, England 2009

Breckland Council – Community Projects – The Sustainable Community Strategy for Breckland 2008 – 2011

Breckland Council – Breckland 4 Business – Designs on a Greener Future  - 23/04/2009

Consultation Response – Planning Policy Statement 7: Sustainable Development in Rural Areas – Friends of the Earth December 2003

“Debate Erupts over Effects of Climate Change on Disease” - by Katherine Nightingale, 9th April 2009 – Science & Development Network

Directory of Social Change – Information & Training for the Voluntary Sector – 2009

Technology Strategy Board – Driving Innovation – Low Impact Buildings – Innovation Platform T08/007

Design Principle 4 – Sustainability

Sustainable Business Resource Pack – Hampshire & Isle of White – 2007

Round House Case Study – 2004

The National Autistic Society (NAS) Press Release: “New research reveals thousands of adults with autism are isolated and ignored” - “I Exist” - February 2008

Natural Buildings Techniques – This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it

Touchwood – Ecological & Social Foundation – India

I.E.S. - Seawater Brine Recycling

Elsevier – Desalination 156 (2003) 295-304

Whitepaper – Design & Sustainability – DesignTalks (undated)

Ecology & Community – By Frijof Capra – Centre for Ecoliteracy – Berkeley

Ecoliteracy:  The Challenge for Education in the Next Century – Liverpool Schumacher Lectures (Centre for Ecoliteracy) – by Frijof Capra, 20th March 1999

“SUSTRANS” - Annual Review 2007

Current & Future Photovoltaics, V.1 – Foresight – By: 
Matt Boreland, Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology, Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Loughborough University  - AND – Darren Bagnall, Nanoscale System Integration Group, Electronics & Computer Science, Southampton University.

Organic Conducting Polymer Flexible Electronics & Foldable Displays & Photovoltaics – Paul R. Berger – Ohio State University – August 2008

Greenfleet – “Sustainable Transport” - (via their website)

“Compressed Air Moves Forward” - by Rebecca Harrison – Reuters News 27th October 2002

Some of the Websites researched to form these proposals (– and in the hope of finding some form of support for the level of work needed to form the proposals):

http://www.sustainable.gatech.edu/  - Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems
http://www.stepin.org/     - Sustainable Technology Education Project 
http://www.cfsd.org.uk/  - The Centre for Sustainable Design
http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/servicization.html – Oakdene Hollins Ltd – Sustainable Innovation 
http://www.design-talks.com/content/home – DesignTalks
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/home – Renewable Energy World.com
http://www.talbotts.co.uk – Talbott's Biomass Generators
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/06/portable_biomas.php – Treehugger – A Discovery Company
http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ - Sustrans
http://www.2degreesnetwork.com/join/networks/low-carbon-commercial-real-estate/ - 2degrees Real Estate
http://css.snre.umich.edu/?gclid=CPHSyO3AxJYCFQ_UlAodFQn9yA – Centre for Sustainable Systems
http://www.u3p.net/ - Voiliers Solaires – Solar Sails
http://sloppyfilms.blogspot.com/2006/08/busycle-in-minneapolis.html – Sloppyshorts – Busycle in Minneapolis
http://www.ecotopia.com/st/ - Sustainable Transportation
http://ecoliteracy.org/about/index.html – Centre for Ecoliteracy
http://archive.cardesignnews.com/autoshows/2002/paris/preview/gm-hywire/ - CarDesignNews – GM Hy-wire
http://www.earthship.net/ - Earthship Biotecture
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/5860/home?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 – Wiley InterScience – Progress in Photovoltaics + The Brazilian experience with a photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis plant
http://www.springerlink.com/content/llg70352qj252517/ - SpringerLink – Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Solar Powered Water Desalination Plant
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2005/08/renewable-energy-brings-water-to-the-world-35664 – Renewable Energy World – Renewable Energy Brings Water to the World, by Ed Brown,  23/08/2005
http://www.spectrawatermakers.com/ - Spectra Watermakers
http://cleantech.com/news/node/843 – CleanTech Group LLC
http://beta.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=16977&a=f – Technology Review -Cheap Drinking Water from the Ocean
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10465 - Wave-powered 'ducks' could purify seawater 
http://www.iestech.com/desalination.htm – I.E.S.
http://www.geocities.com/tominelpaso/links.html
http://www.ourwaterfuture.com/charity_initiative.html -Our Water Future
http://www.wateraid.org/uk/  - Water Aid
http://www.ece.osu.edu/~berger/summ_polymer05.html – E.C.E. - Paul R. Berger the Ohio State University
http://www.cat.org.uk/index.tmpl?refer=index&init=1 – Centre for Alternative Technology
http://www.oneclimate.net/?gclid=CIqhisX3xZYCFQLolAodQRdHzg – OneClimate.net
http://www.pobronson.com/factbook/pages/43.html – The Factbook – on Everything Family – Single Parents
http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/uk/About-Envirowise.html – Envirowise – Sustainable Practices & Profits
http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail – Business Link
http://www.smallbusiness.co.uk/?gclid=CIDKgYaT0ZYCFQaT1QodmWig2Q – Business Start-Up Advice
http://sylworkshops1122.eventbrite.com/ - Single Parents Training Workshops
http://www.thethinkingbusiness.co.uk/Innovative_creative.html – The Thinking Business, for Creativity & Innovations
http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Environmentandgreenerliving/index.htm – DirectGov  -Environment & greener living
http://www.communities.gov.uk/communities/digitalinclusion/research/ - Communities & Local Government
http://www.northnorfolk.org/ldf/1235_1462.asp – North Norfolk District Council – Sustainability Appraisal
http://www.globalwarmingart.com/ - Global Warming Art
http://www.norfolkbiodiversity.org/ - Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership
http://www.greenstat.co.uk/ - the Green Stationary company
http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/forum/thread-maint.do?topicId=8969579 – Improvement & Development Agency – Sustainable Communities Act – Local Panels
http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/forum/thread-maint.do?topicId=8411670 - Improvement & Development Agency – Local Climate Impact Profile
http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=80829 - Improvement & Development Agency – Environmental sustainability and climate change
http://www.hcaacademy.co.uk/ - Homes & Communities Academy
http://www.inspire-east.org.uk/home.aspx – Inspire East – ideas and actions for sustainable communities
http://www.lowimpact.org/contact.htm – LILI – Low-impact living initiatives
http://www.esmeefairbairn.org.uk/grants2005/scjj.html – Esmee Fairbairn Foundation
http://www.normanlamb.org.uk/pages/councillors.html – Local MP, Norman Lamb
http://www.bizmapeast.co.uk/ - The Business Map – EEDA
http://www.enterprising-women.org/show.php?nav=2 – Enterprising Women
http://www.defra.gov.uk/sustainable/government/ - Sustainable Development in Government – DEFRA
http://www.funderfinder.org.uk/ - Fund Finder
http://www.churchcare.co.uk/funding.php?IK – Church of England – Funding & resources for community projects
http://entrepreneur.virgin.com/2008/12/11/what-does-it-take-to-be-a-virgin-entrepreneur/ - Richard Branson 
http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingstatistics/housingstatisticsby/ - Communities & Local Government – Housing statistics by topic
http://naturalhomes.org/house.htm – Natural Homes
http://www.ecobooks.com/catalogs/naturalbuilding.htm – Eco Books – Books on Natural Building
http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingsupply/ecotowns/ - Communities & Local Government – eco-towns
http://www.thebiggreenidea.org/news/article/micro-hydro-continues-to-prosper-despite-the-credit-crunch/ - The Big Green Idea – Success for Settle Hydro
http://www.firstgiving.org/bolivia – First Giving – Bringing Clean Water to Bolivia
http://oneplanetproducts.com/ - One Planet Products
http://www.dta.org.uk/aboutourmembers/whatisadevelopmenttrust.htm – Deveopment Trusts Associations
http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ - Natural England
http://www.governmentfunding.org.uk/ - Government Funding 
http://www.prowess.org.uk/about/about.asp – Prowess
http://www.gcp.uk.net/index.php – Greater Cambridge Partnership
http://www.unltd.org.uk/index.php – UnLtd charity
http://www.treehouseworkshop.com/ - TreeHouse Workshop
http://candobetter.org/DemandAffordableHousing – (We) can do better – demand affordable housing
http://www.public-domain-photos.com/# - Public-Domain-Photos
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11637 – New Scientist - Environmental
http://ed.acrewoods.net/node/220 – Ed's Website – Planning Policy and Low Impact Developments – What are the planning barriers to low impact developments in Britain - 30th September 2008
http://www.evnuk.org.uk/networks.html – Eco-Village Network UK
http://www.off-grid.net/2007/08/26/landmark-off-grid-housing-victory/ - Off-Grid – free yourself
http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=6441363 – Improvement and Development Agency – Rural Excellence action learning for strategic housing
http://www.nwes.org.uk/ - NWES Encouraging Enterprise
http://jonathancloud.com/?page_id=12 – Jonathan Cloud: Life, Examined -Altonomy: Building the Sustainable Economy, One Opportunity at a Time – www.altonomy.com
http://www.norfolkrcc.org.uk/wiki/index.php/Main_Page – Norfolk Rural Community Council
http://www.cueeast.org/contacts.htm – University of East Anglia – CueEast – Community-university-engagement
http://www.greenspec.co.uk/html/design/designcontent.html – Green Spec
http://www.echoinggreen.org/ - Echoing Green – Social change
http://www.co-operative.coop/ - The Co-Operative
http://www.fsb.org.uk/ - Federation of Small Businesses
http://www.norfolkchamber.co.uk/Pages/XTRA/businessfinance.aspx – Norfolk Chamber of Commerce
http://www.futerra.co.uk/home – Futerra Sustainability Communications
http://www.eenews.net/cw/ - ClimateWire – the Politics and Business of Climate Change
http://www.eenews.net/special_reports/bangladesh/ - ClimateWire – Bangladesh needs the West's help, but it isn't waiting for it – by Lisa Freidman, E&E reporter – Bangladesh – where the climate exodus begins
http://www.icr.org/research/index/researchp_as_platetectonicsl/ - Institute for Creation Research – Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History
http://feww.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/climate-change-earthquakes-volcanic-eruption/ - Fire Earth – Environmental Issues - Climate Change IS Increasing the Frequencies of Major Geological Events - There will be more earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides both on the land and sea floor – quotes... “In a study first published on the web in 2004, NASA and United States Geological Survey (USGS) scientists found that retreating glaciers in southern Alaska may lead to more earthquakes in future.  “The study examined the likelihood of increased earthquake activity in southern Alaska as a result of rapidly melting glaciers. As glaciers melt they lighten the load on the Earth’s crust. Tectonic plates, that are mobile pieces of the Earth’s crust, can then move more freely.” [The study appeared in the July 2004 issue of the Journal of Global and Planetary Change.]”

The above detailed listing forms a non-exhaustive list of a percentage of the total researched material, used for all the elements forming the arguments, the reasons, our sustainable community living project, “The Tree Ark Project” and our demand to host THE debate at www.GlobalArkProjects.com  for the future of all our children, and all species. Founder.